Human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research is one of the most controversial issues in the modern world. The topic has ethical, economic and social aspects. Controversy occurs when assessing the balance between medical benefits and the protection of human dignity, both of which are of vital importance. Thus, reaching a common ground and resolving the conflict seems far from being achieved as of today. This unresolved issue is also a key topic to patent law in Europe. This book is mainly a discussion on the pa