Deriving income from the customers in a state without any physical presence in the state is the main feature that distinguishes digitalised businesses from the traditional businesses. It is a well-known fact that under the current traditional taxation rules, the business income of a non-resident enterprise would be taxable only the state in which enterprise is resident, unless it has a PE in the market state. In a case where the non-resident enterprise has a PE in the market state, then only income that is

Collective labour law contains the procedural provisions that must be followed to achieve the rights which are gained as a result of long period of struggles in the history. Collective labour law is emerged after the bargains made between the states, employee's trade unions and employer's side. In short, it constitutes the principles, regulations and mechanisms on which all three sides of working life are agreed upon. This book consists of four main sections, considering the procedure followed in Turkish co

After the liberalisation of the electricity and natural gas markets, the importance of the generation and protection of competition within these markets has increased. In order to introduce competition into the markets and to protect the existence of competition, both regulatory rules and competition law has started to be implemented by regulatory and competition authorities. In particular, with the consideration of the decisions of the EU Competition Commission and the European Court of Justice, it could b

As a candidate country Turkey is affected strongly by the legal and economic changes in European Union. After the Association Agreement, introductions of the Act on the Protection of Competition and Turkish Competition Agency, Turkish Competition Law has been affected by European Union approach. The private actions remedy has also been placed in Turkish Law. But the position of European Commission decisions as administrative decisions on the breaches of Competition Law has not been clarified. This book is f

How much is conveyed in those two short Thwords—'The Parish!' And with how many tales of distress and misery, of broken fortune and ruined fthopes, too often of unrelieved wretchedness and successful knavery, are they associated! A poor man, with small earnings, and a large family, just manages to live on from hand to mouth, and to procure food fffrom day to day; he has barely sufficient to satisfy the present cravings of nature, and can take no heed of the future. His taxes are in arrear, quarter-day passe

The remaining books of the Laws, ix-xii, are chiefly concerned with criminal offences. In the first class are placed offences against the Gods, especially sacrilege or robbery of temples: next follow offences against the state,—conspiracy, treason, theft. The mention of thefts suggests a distinction between voluntary and involuntary, curable and incurable offences. Proceeding to the greater crime of homicide, Plato distinguishes between mere homicide, manslaughter, which is partly voluntary and partly invol

This is what happens in common cases; and in the uncommon—the ninety-ninth case in a hundred—in which the Opposition hoped to turn out the Government because of the alleged badness of the treaty they have made, the criticism is sure to be of the most undesirable character, and to say what is most offensive to foreign nations. All the practised acumen of anti-Government writers and speakers is sure to be engaged in proving that England has been imposed upon—that, as was said in one case, The moral and the in

A very common phenomenon, and one very familiar to the student of history, is this. The customs, beliefs, or needs of a primitive time establish a rule or a formula. In the course of centuries the custom, belief, or necessity disappears, but the rule remains. The reason which gave rise to the rule has been forgotten, and ingenious minds set themselves to inquire how it is to be accounted for. Some ground of policy is thought of, which seems to explain it and to reconcile it with the present state of things;

At this time Justinian, by openly encouraging and provoking the Blue faction, shook the Roman Empire to its foundation, like an earthquake or a flood, or as though each city had been taken by the enemy. Everything was everywhere thrown into disorder; nothing was left alone. The laws and the whole fabric of the State were altogether upset, and became the very opposite of what they had been. First of all, the revolutionists altered the fashion of wearing the hair, for they cut it short, in a manner quite diff

There are possibly some indications that the Laws of Moses mark an advance on the customs which ruled in the days of the Patriarchs. In view of modern critical contentions that these stories of the Patriarchs are a sort of reflection back into the past of what the later writers felt would be appropriate to the time in which they set the eponymous heroes of the old days, we may hesitate to regard such attributed customs as trustworthy for a comparison. Nor is it beyond question whether the Israelites ever ob

Grand Lodges under their present organization, are, in respect to the antiquity of the Order, of a comparatively modern date. We hear of no such bodies in the earlier ages of the institution. Tradition informs us, that originally it was governed by the despotic authority of a few chiefs. At the building of the temple, we have reason to believe that King Solomon exercised an unlimited and irresponsible control over the craft, although a tradition (not, however, of undoubted authority) says that he was assist

The manifold interests which knit all the civilised States together and create a constant intercourse between one another, have long since brought about the necessity that these States should have one or more official representatives living abroad. Thus we find everywhere foreign envoys and consuls. They are the agents who make possible the current stream of transactions between the Governments of the different States. A number of International Offices, International Bureaux, International Commissions have

Honest Captain Cuttle, flas the weeks flew over him in his fortified retreat, by no means abated any of his prudent provisions against surprise, because of the Thnon-appearance of the enemy. The Captain argued that his present security was too profound and wonderful to endure much longer; he knew that when the wind stood in a fair quarter, the weathercock was seldom nailed there; and he was too well acquainted with the determined and dauntless character of Mrs MacStinger, to doubt that that heroic woman had

Das österreichische Strafgesetzbuch hat dieses Verhältniss offenbar ganz richtig aufgefasst, indem es im §. 240 I. Th. hierüber erklärt: „Ist das Verbrechen von solcher Art, dass, um die Beschaffenheit desselben aus den Merkmalen gründlich zu erforschen, besondere wissenschaftliche oder Kunstkenntnisse erfordert werden, so ist ein dergleichen Kunstverständiger, und wenn es ohne bedenklichen Verzug geschehen kann, sind deren zweibeizuziehen. Ueber den Zweck dieser Beiziehung spricht sich nun der §. 241. dahi

Die in der älteren Litteratur viel erörterte Frage, ob die Barbareskenstaaten als Piraten oder als rechtmässige Kriegsfeinde zu betrachten seien, hat eine einmütige Beantwortung nicht finden können,[17] weil die Fragestellung irreführend ist. Ihre Piraterie ist eine aus vergangener Zeit in das moderne Völkerrecht hineinragende Erscheinung, die sich seinen Begriffen nicht einfügt. Die Praxis hat weder das moderne Kriegsrecht auf die Barbaresken angewendet, noch sie als Piraten behandelt. Die Beziehung der fe

Upon the written pleadings follows the oral discussion in Court; it consists of the oral development of the pleas of the parties (article 63, last paragraph). The discussions are under the direction of the president of the tribunal, and are public only if it be so decided by the tribunal with the consent of the parties. Minutes with regard to the discussion are to be drawn up by secretaries appointed by the president, and only these official minutes, which are signed by the president and one of the secretar

An ancient English Cathedral Tower? How can the ancient English cathedral tower be here! The well-known massive gray square tower of its old Cathedral? How can that be here! There is no spike of rusty iron in the air, between the eye and it, from any point of the real prospect. What is the spike that intervenes, and who has set it up? Maybe it is set up by the Sultan's orders for the impaling of a horde of Turkish robbers, one by one. It is so, for cymbals clash, and the Sultan goes by to his palace in long

The author Prof. Dr. Rona Aybay served as a judge on the Human Rights Chamber of Bosnia Herzegovina as one of the eight international judges appointed by the Council of Europe. Among other international positions of Prof.Aybay were the memberships of the "Group of Wise Persons" elected by the Council of Europe to consider the long-term effectiveness of the European Court of Human Rights and the European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance. Prof. Aybay, currently teaches at Istanbul Gedik University.

Bu kitap Hukuk İngilizcesi öğrenmek, var olan bilgisini geliştirmek isteyen herkese yönelik hazırlanmıştır. Temel seviyede İngilizce bilgisi olan herkesin kitabın yapısını kolayca takip etmesi mümkündür. Amacımız ve yöntemimiz okuyucuların yalnızca sözlük okur gibi kelimelerin Türkçesini ezberlemeye çalışmaları değil, hukuk terminolojisini ve cümle yapılarını gerçek hukuk dersleriyle birlikte öğrenmeleridir. Bunun için her bir dersin başında o konuyla ilgili temel kelime ve ifade yapıları gösterilmiştir. So

It is not for me to attempt a theme which has perhaps been exhausted by these great writers. I am indeed much less called upon to display the worth and usefulness of the law of nations, than to vindicate myself from presumption in attempting a subject which has been already handled by so many masters. For the purpose of that vindication it will be necessary to sketch a ver y short and slight account (for such in this place it must unavoidably be) of the progress and present state of the science, and of that